These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed. u U To reduce this risk, considerable efforts are spent to balance the turbine. o
A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine, Curtis turbine, Rateau turbine, or Brown-Curtis turbine. Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. is always greater than the relative velocity at the inlet
1
Furthermore, stage efficiency is the product of blade efficiency and nozzle efficiency, or 1 1 c b
b 2
h
If water and steam are at the same temperature, why does steam hurt more? )
cos {\displaystyle {\frac {d\eta _{b}}{d\rho }}=0}
Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in … 2 The ratio of steam velocities relative to the rotor speed at the outlet to the inlet of the blade is defined by the friction coefficient His work Die Dampfturbinen und ihre Aussichten als Wärmekraftmaschinen (English: The Steam Turbine and its prospective use as a Heat Engine) was published in Berlin in 1903. 1 The British used exclusively turbine-powered warships from 1906.
r 1 {\displaystyle r_{2}}
− A further book Dampf und Gas-Turbinen (English: Steam and Gas Turbines) was published in 1922.[15]. is the specific enthalpy drop of steam in the nozzle. The ratio of the cosines of the blade angles at the outlet and inlet can be taken and denoted
A stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle set and a moving wheel.
cos This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles. As the generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power system, the most common speeds are 3,000 RPM for 50 Hz systems, and 3,600 RPM for 60 Hz systems. r {\displaystyle c=1}
Some ocean liners were also built with turbo-electric drive, as were some troop transports and mass-production destroyer escorts in World War II. Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. 1 This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades. U U
Over the next eight years the US Navy launched five additional turbo-electric-powered battleships and two aircraft carriers (initially ordered as Lexington-class battlecruisers). = = = ( As temperatures are increased in an effort to improve turbine efficiency, creep becomes significant. [4][5] In 1551, Taqi al-Din in Ottoman Egypt described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit. = r {\displaystyle \rho _{opt}={\frac {U}{V_{1}}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cos \alpha _{1}} 2 A solution that proved useful through most of the steam turbine propulsion era was the cruising turbine.
V
Steam turbines are also often applied in the renewable energy sector. To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high-quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine. 1
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